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Introduction Memory is a fundamental component of human cognition, influencing perception, learning, problem-solving, and daily functioning. Assessment of memory functions is central to understanding psychological and neurological disorders, as impairments
Introduction Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions characterized by early-onset impairments in cognitive, social, communicative, or behavioral development (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Accurate assessment of these disorders is
Introduction Infant development represents one of the most dynamic and sensitive periods of human growth, encompassing rapid changes in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains. The early years of life
Introduction Projective techniques occupy a unique and enduring place in the field of clinical and abnormal psychology. Emerging from psychoanalytic traditions, these methods are based on the assumption that individuals
Introduction Affect and suicidal intent represent two critical dimensions of psychological assessment. While affective states capture the ongoing emotional experience of individuals, suicidal intent reflects cognitive-behavioral risk linked to self-harm
Introduction Mood disorders—principally depression and mania—constitute a major domain of psychopathology and clinical assessment. Accurate measurement of these conditions is essential for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating therapeutic outcomes (Sarason
Introduction The assessment of personality is a cornerstone of clinical psychology, offering insight into an individual’s enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Personality inventories provide
Introduction In clinical psychology, the clinical report serves as the formal written documentation of assessment findings, diagnostic impressions, and treatment recommendations. It represents the culmination of a clinician’s investigative process,
Introduction The accurate assessment of mental disorders depends not only on standardized diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5 and ICD-11 but also on the clinician’s ability to gather a detailed
Introduction In clinical psychology and psychiatry, the accurate classification, diagnosis, and assessment of mental disorders are crucial for effective treatment, research, and communication among professionals. Diagnostic systems such as the
Introduction Anxiety is a central topic in psychology and psychiatry, manifesting both as a transient state and a stable trait. Differentiating between temporary situational anxiety and an individual’s predisposition to
Introduction In psychological and educational measurement, one of the major challenges is interpreting individual performance in a way that is meaningful, accurate, and comparable across different tests, populations, and contexts.