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Introduction Cluster-C Personality Disorders, classified in the DSM-5 under the group of “anxious and fearful” personality patterns, are characterized by pervasive anxiety, chronic fearfulness, and maladaptive behaviors driven by insecurity,
Introduction Cluster-B personality disorders constitute one of the most widely studied and clinically challenging groups within the DSM-5 classification. They are commonly described as the dramatic, emotional, and erratic cluster,
Introduction Dissociative disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by disruption in the normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, and behavior (APA, DSM-5, 2013).
Introduction Among the most influential figures in modern psychotherapy, Aaron T. Beck revolutionized psychological treatment through the development of Cognitive Therapy (CT), which later evolved into Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT).
Introduction Cognitive behavioural approaches occupy a central position in contemporary counselling psychology. These therapies are grounded in the assumption that thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are interdependent, and that modification of
Introduction Addiction is a complex condition that affects individuals physically, psychologically, and socially. Counseling approaches aim to address these aspects through structured interventions. Several evidence-based methods have proven effective in
Introduction Geriatric counseling is a specialized field that focuses on the mental health, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life of older adults. As life expectancy continues to rise, the
Disclaimer : This article is for educational purpose. It discusses topics related to suicide and self-harm, which may be distressing to some readers. If you or someone you know is
Introduction Somatic illnesses, which include both medically explained and unexplained physical symptoms, often intertwine with psychological factors, necessitating a comprehensive treatment approach (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Counseling has emerged
Introduction Trauma is a deeply distressing experience that significantly impacts an individual’s emotional, psychological, and physical well-being. It can result from a single overwhelming event or prolonged exposure to adverse
Introduction to the Reasonings Reasonings, the cognitive process of drawing conclusions or making inferences, lies at the heart of human cognition. It serves as a vital tool for decision-making, problem-solving,