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Introduction Bipolar disorders are severe mood disorders characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. They are chronic, recurrent conditions that significantly impair functioning, relationships, and quality of
Introduction Depressive disorders constitute a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by persistent disturbances in mood, cognition, and behavior. They represent some of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, significantly
Introduction Traumatic stress disorders arise following exposure to stressful or traumatic events that overwhelm an individual’s ability to cope (APA, 2013). These disorders significantly impair emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.
Introduction Stress disorders in childhood represent significant disruptions in emotional regulation, social functioning, and attachment behaviors. Among these, Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) are particularly
Introduction Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders are a distinct category of psychiatric conditions characterized by intrusive thoughts, repetitive behaviors, and compulsions that cause significant distress and functional impairment. The DSM-5 (APA,
Introduction Motor Disorders are a subset of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in motor function, coordination, or the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements. These disorders often emerge in childhood and
Introduction Specific Learning and Communication Disorders constitute a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in acquiring and using academic skills or language despite adequate intelligence, motivation, and educational opportunities.
American Psychological Association refers Schizophreniform disorder as a disorder whose essential features are identical to those of schizophrenia except that the total duration is between 1 and 6 months (i.e.,
APA refers bipolar II disorder, as a disorder in which the individual fluctuates between major depressive and hypomanic episodes; and cyclothymic disorder. The former official name for bipolar disorders, manic-depressive
People with dissociative identity disorders (DID) may adopt as many as 100 new identities, all simultaneously coexisting, although the average number is closer to 15. In some cases, the identities
The term conversion has been used off and on since the Middle Ages (Mace, 1992) but was popularized by Freud, who believed the anxiety resulting from unconscious conflicts somehow was
Illness anxiety disorder was formerly known as “hypochondriasis,” which is still the term widely used among the public. In illness anxiety disorder, physical symptoms are either not experienced at the