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Introduction Bipolar disorders are severe mood disorders characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. They are chronic, recurrent conditions that significantly impair functioning, relationships, and quality of
Introduction Depressive disorders constitute a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by persistent disturbances in mood, cognition, and behavior. They represent some of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, significantly
Introduction Stress disorders in childhood represent significant disruptions in emotional regulation, social functioning, and attachment behaviors. Among these, Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) are particularly
Introduction Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders are a distinct category of psychiatric conditions characterized by intrusive thoughts, repetitive behaviors, and compulsions that cause significant distress and functional impairment. The DSM-5 (APA,
Introduction Anxiety is a normal human emotion that serves as a survival mechanism, preparing the body to respond to potential threats through the “fight or flight” response. However, anxiety disorders
Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represents a group of complex neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
Introduction Intellectual disability (ID), historically known as “mental retardation,” is a developmental condition marked by significant impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Introduction Psychopathology, the scientific study of mental disorders, is shaped by diverse theoretical paradigms that attempt to explain the origin, manifestation, and treatment of abnormal behavior. Each paradigms in psychopathology
Introduction Mental disorders represent complex disturbances in cognition, emotion, and behavior that cause significant distress and impair functioning. Their classification and diagnosis are fundamental for research, treatment, and policy formulation.
Any of a group of disorders characterized by difficulties with speech and language, such as expressive language disorder, mixed receptive-expressive language disorder, phonological disorder, and stuttering are Communication Disorders. Language and speech are
Specific learning disorder, which is characterized by performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education. a specific learning disorder,
Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that, at its core, affects how one perceives and socializes with others. DSM-5 combined most of the disorders previously