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Introduction Neuropsychological assessment integrates principles from psychology and neuroscience to evaluate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning related to brain integrity. As Lezak (1995) notes, it serves as a vital bridge
Introduction Learning disability (LDs), often referred to as specific learning disorders (SLDs), are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by persistent difficulties in reading, writing, or mathematical reasoning skills, despite normal intelligence and
Introduction The assessment of personality is a cornerstone of clinical psychology, offering insight into an individual’s enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Personality inventories provide
Introduction Anxiety is a central topic in psychology and psychiatry, manifesting both as a transient state and a stable trait. Differentiating between temporary situational anxiety and an individual’s predisposition to
Introduction In psychological and educational research, not all variables are continuous. Many important variables — such as gender, pass/fail outcomes, yes/no responses, or item correctness — are dichotomous (i.e., having
Introduction In psychological and educational measurement, one of the major challenges is interpreting individual performance in a way that is meaningful, accurate, and comparable across different tests, populations, and contexts.
Introduction Psychological scaling is a method used to quantify the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. It bridges the gap between objective physical measurements and
Introduction Factor analysis is a statistical method used to identify latent structures within a set of observed variables. Its primary purpose is to uncover unobservable, underlying factors (latent variables) that