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Introduction Assessing intellectual functioning is a cornerstone of clinical psychology, particularly in diagnosing and understanding intellectual disability (ID) and related developmental disorders. Intellectual disability involves significant limitations in both intellectual
Introduction Mood disorders—principally depression and mania—constitute a major domain of psychopathology and clinical assessment. Accurate measurement of these conditions is essential for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating therapeutic outcomes (Sarason
Introduction In clinical psychology, the clinical report serves as the formal written documentation of assessment findings, diagnostic impressions, and treatment recommendations. It represents the culmination of a clinician’s investigative process,
Introduction The accurate assessment of mental disorders depends not only on standardized diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5 and ICD-11 but also on the clinician’s ability to gather a detailed
Introduction In clinical psychology and psychiatry, the accurate classification, diagnosis, and assessment of mental disorders are crucial for effective treatment, research, and communication among professionals. Diagnostic systems such as the
Introduction Personnel psychology, a critical subfield of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology, is primarily concerned with human behavior in the workplace, focusing on individual differences, employee selection, training, performance, and well-being. As
Introduction Neuropsychological assessments is a cornerstone of modern clinical practice in understanding how brain functioning affects behavior. It goes beyond routine mental status exams by using validated, standardized tools to
Introduction Emotionally disturbed children exhibit significant emotional and behavioral challenges that interfere with their daily functioning. The term “emotionally disturbed” (ED) is often used in educational and clinical settings to
What is Reliability? To understand Types of Reliability, we need to understand Reliability in psychology refers to the consistency or dependability of a measurement instrument. A test is reliable if
Introduction of Norms in Psychological Testing The norms are thus empirically established by determining what a representative group of persons actually do on the test. Any individual’s raw score is