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Introduction Hallucinogen-Related and Inhalant-Related Disorders fall under the category of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders in the DSM-5. These substances alter perception, cognition, consciousness, and behavior through disruption of normal brain
Introduction Opioid-Related and Sedative-Hypnotic/Anxiolytic-Related Disorders are among the most serious substance-use conditions due to their high potential for dependency, overdose, and withdrawal complications. Opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine, prescription painkillers) and
Introduction Paraphilic disorders and gender dysphoria represent two distinct yet frequently misunderstood categories within human sexuality. While paraphilic disorders refer to atypical sexual interests that cause significant personal distress, impairment,
Introduction Human sexuality is a central aspect of physical and emotional well-being. It involves biological processes, psychological experiences, relational dynamics, and sociocultural influences. When these factors function harmoniously, individuals typically
Introduction Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic, and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder that profoundly affects thinking, perception, emotion, and behavior. It is considered one of the most disabling mental illnesses due to
Introduction Behavior therapy, one of the most influential movements in modern counseling and psychotherapy, emerged as a reaction against the speculative nature of psychoanalysis and the subjective tendencies of humanistic
Introduction Psychotherapy represents a dynamic and evolving field dedicated to alleviating psychological distress, fostering self-understanding, and promoting personal growth through structured therapeutic relationships. The development of psychotherapeutic modalities has been
Introduction Eating disorders are serious psychiatric conditions characterized by abnormal eating behaviors, disturbed body image, and maladaptive attitudes toward food, weight, and shape. They are associated with high morbidity and
Introduction Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (SSRDs) represent a cluster of psychiatric conditions in which individuals experience physical symptoms or health concerns that are not fully explained by organic pathology.
Introduction Bipolar disorders are severe mood disorders characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. They are chronic, recurrent conditions that significantly impair functioning, relationships, and quality of
Introduction Depressive disorders constitute a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by persistent disturbances in mood, cognition, and behavior. They represent some of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, significantly
Introduction Traumatic stress disorders arise following exposure to stressful or traumatic events that overwhelm an individual’s ability to cope (APA, 2013). These disorders significantly impair emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.