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Introduction Human thoughts play a powerful role in shaping emotions, behavior, and overall psychological well-being. The way individuals think about themselves, interpret life events, and anticipate the future strongly influences
Introduction Helpers and Helping relationships are an essential part of human interaction and psychological well-being. Individuals often face personal, emotional, educational, vocational, and social difficulties that require understanding, guidance, and
Introduction Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) and delirium represent a group of conditions characterized by acquired cognitive decline that interferes with independence in everyday functioning. Unlike neurodevelopmental disorders, neurocognitive disorders involve deterioration
Introduction Hallucinogen-Related and Inhalant-Related Disorders fall under the category of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders in the DSM-5. These substances alter perception, cognition, consciousness, and behavior through disruption of normal brain
Introduction Opioid-Related and Sedative-Hypnotic/Anxiolytic-Related Disorders are among the most serious substance-use conditions due to their high potential for dependency, overdose, and withdrawal complications. Opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine, prescription painkillers) and
Introduction Substance-related and substance-induced disorders represent a major category within the DSM-5, encompassing harmful patterns of substance use that result in maladaptive behavior, psychological change, physiological dependence, and impairment across
Introduction Cluster-C Personality Disorders, classified in the DSM-5 under the group of “anxious and fearful” personality patterns, are characterized by pervasive anxiety, chronic fearfulness, and maladaptive behaviors driven by insecurity,
Introduction Cluster-B personality disorders constitute one of the most widely studied and clinically challenging groups within the DSM-5 classification. They are commonly described as the dramatic, emotional, and erratic cluster,
Introduction Personality disorders are enduring, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate sharply from cultural expectations and lead to significant impairment in interpersonal, occupational, and emotional
Introduction Personality refers to the stable patterns of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning that define an individual’s character and response to the world. Personality develops gradually through biological, psychological,
Introduction Parasomnias are disruptive sleep-related disorders in which undesirable physical, emotional, or sensory events occur during sleep or while transitioning between sleep and wakefulness. They are not disorders of sleep
Introduction Sleep is a biologically essential state that supports cognitive processing, emotional regulation, metabolic restoration, and immune functioning. When sleep quantity, quality, timing, or architecture are disrupted, the consequences extend