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Introduction Bipolar disorders are severe mood disorders characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. They are chronic, recurrent conditions that significantly impair functioning, relationships, and quality of
Introduction Depressive disorders constitute a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by persistent disturbances in mood, cognition, and behavior. They represent some of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, significantly
Introduction Traumatic stress disorders arise following exposure to stressful or traumatic events that overwhelm an individual’s ability to cope (APA, 2013). These disorders significantly impair emotional, cognitive, and social functioning.
Introduction Stress disorders in childhood represent significant disruptions in emotional regulation, social functioning, and attachment behaviors. Among these, Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) are particularly
Introduction Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders are a distinct category of psychiatric conditions characterized by intrusive thoughts, repetitive behaviors, and compulsions that cause significant distress and functional impairment. The DSM-5 (APA,
Introduction Motor Disorders are a subset of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in motor function, coordination, or the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements. These disorders often emerge in childhood and
Introduction Specific Learning and Communication Disorders constitute a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in acquiring and using academic skills or language despite adequate intelligence, motivation, and educational opportunities.
Introduction Negative emotions, including fear, anger, sadness, anxiety, and disgust, play a crucial role in human survival and social interactions. While they serve adaptive functions, prolonged or maladaptive negative emotional