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Introduction Substance-related and substance-induced disorders represent a major category within the DSM-5, encompassing harmful patterns of substance use that result in maladaptive behavior, psychological change, physiological dependence, and impairment across
Introduction Personality refers to the stable patterns of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning that define an individual’s character and response to the world. Personality develops gradually through biological, psychological,
Introduction Memory is a fundamental component of human cognition, influencing perception, learning, problem-solving, and daily functioning. Assessment of memory functions is central to understanding psychological and neurological disorders, as impairments
Introduction Neuropsychological assessment integrates principles from psychology and neuroscience to evaluate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning related to brain integrity. As Lezak (1995) notes, it serves as a vital bridge
Introduction The assessment of family conflict, environmental stressors, and caregiver burden represents an essential component of comprehensive psychological evaluation. Human functioning does not occur in isolation—psychological distress is often embedded