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Introduction Parasomnias are disruptive sleep-related disorders in which undesirable physical, emotional, or sensory events occur during sleep or while transitioning between sleep and wakefulness. They are not disorders of sleep
Introduction Childhood and adolescent disruptive behavior disorders represent a group of psychological conditions characterized by difficulties in emotional and behavioral regulation, impaired social functioning, defiance toward authority, and persistent patterns
Introduction Behavior therapy, one of the most influential movements in modern counseling and psychotherapy, emerged as a reaction against the speculative nature of psychoanalysis and the subjective tendencies of humanistic
Introduction Crowding is a psychological condition that arises when the demand for space exceeds the availability, leading to stress, frustration, and even aggression. While it is often a result of
Introduction Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) encompass a range of conditions that arise due to atypical brain development, often affecting cognitive, social, and emotional functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Common NDDs include
Introduction Emotionally disturbed children exhibit significant emotional and behavioral challenges that interfere with their daily functioning. The term “emotionally disturbed” (ED) is often used in educational and clinical settings to