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Introduction Mood disorders—principally depression and mania—constitute a major domain of psychopathology and clinical assessment. Accurate measurement of these conditions is essential for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating therapeutic outcomes (Sarason
Introduction In clinical psychology and psychiatry, the accurate classification, diagnosis, and assessment of mental disorders are crucial for effective treatment, research, and communication among professionals. Diagnostic systems such as the
Introduction Mental disorders represent complex disturbances in cognition, emotion, and behavior that cause significant distress and impair functioning. Their classification and diagnosis are fundamental for research, treatment, and policy formulation.