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Introduction Mood disorders—principally depression and mania—constitute a major domain of psychopathology and clinical assessment. Accurate measurement of these conditions is essential for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating therapeutic outcomes (Sarason
Introduction Emotions are central to human experience, influencing cognition, behavior, and physiological responses. Modern research in affective neuroscience has revealed that there is a complex biological basis of emotions mediated
Introduction Emotions play a crucial role in human life, shaping perceptions, behaviors, and social interactions. They are multifaceted responses to external or internal stimuli that influence cognitive processing, decision-making, and