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Introduction Non-parametric tests provide robust alternatives to parametric methods when data violate assumptions such as normality or homogeneity of variances. These tests are invaluable when dealing with ordinal data, small
Introduction Statistics is a powerful tool for analyzing, interpreting, and making inferences about data. Two fundamental branches of statistical analysis are parametric and non-parametric statistics. Understanding the differences, assumptions, and
Introduction Chi-square (χ²) tests are among the most widely used non-parametric statistical methods for analyzing categorical data. They provide a versatile set of tools for testing hypotheses about frequencies in
Introduction Correlation is a foundational statistical concept used to examine the degree and direction of association between variables. It allows psychologists, educators, and social scientists to answer critical questions about
Introduction In the fields of psychology and education, data collection and interpretation play a crucial role in informing decision-making, evaluating outcomes, and conducting research. Descriptive statistics are foundational tools that