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Introduction Personal space preferences are not uniform—they vary across individuals, cultures, and situations. Determinants of personal space are a complex mix of psychological traits, environmental factors, and cultural norms. Understanding
Introduction When personal space is intruded upon, individuals often react with discomfort, stress, or even aggression. Space invasion is not merely a social faux pas—it can have profound psychological, physiological,
Introduction Personal space is a fundamental concept in environmental psychology that pertains to the invisible buffer individuals maintain between themselves and others to feel secure and comfortable. This space is