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Introduction Modern research demands accurate statistical analysis, and software tools have become indispensable. Among the most popular packages for researchers and practitioners are SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
Introduction Non-parametric tests provide robust alternatives to parametric methods when data violate assumptions such as normality or homogeneity of variances. These tests are invaluable when dealing with ordinal data, small
Introduction Statistics is a powerful tool for analyzing, interpreting, and making inferences about data. Two fundamental branches of statistical analysis are parametric and non-parametric statistics. Understanding the differences, assumptions, and
Introduction Chi-square (χ²) tests are among the most widely used non-parametric statistical methods for analyzing categorical data. They provide a versatile set of tools for testing hypotheses about frequencies in
Introduction In behavioral sciences, understanding relationships between variables is critical. While simple correlation helps establish a linear relationship between two variables, real-world phenomena often involve more complex interdependencies. For example,
Introduction Probability theory and the normal distribution curve represent two of the most foundational concepts in the field of statistics, especially within disciplines like psychology, education, sociology, and other social
Introduction In psychological and behavioral sciences, researchers often need to analyze multiple variables simultaneously to capture the complexity of human behavior. Simple univariate analyses (which involve a single dependent variable)